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В ряде случаев правило согласования времён не соблюдается:
Например: I knew he must visit his friend. – Я знал, что он должен навестить своего друга.
Например: The pupils were told that the Earth goes round the Sun. – Ученикам сказали, что Земля вращается вокруг Солнца. ^ Exercise 1. Поставьте глагол в главном предложении в Past Indefinite и сделайте необходимые преобразования в придаточном предложении. a) 1) She says she learns two foreign languages. 2) We know they live far from the centre of the town. 3) I believe he earns a lot of money. 4) I’m afraid they don’t know each other. 5) My friend says he works only three days a week. 6) They think English is easy to learn. 7) He says this river is polluted. b) 1) We know she is talking to the dean. 2) He thinks his parents are sleeping. 3) They say it’s raining hard in their district. 4) Mother believes Tom is doing his homework. 5) I suppose they are going to spend their holydays in Egypt. 6) I’m afraid she is not going to tell us the truth. 7) She says she is washing up and her sister is watching television. c) 1) She says she has known the Smiths for a long time. 2) Jane tells me she has had her lunch already. 3) I don’t know who has brought the telegram. 4) Kate says she has been to Britain several times. 5) They announce that the plane has landed. 6) I know he has been able to drive since childhood. 7) I hope he has found a good job. 8) The boss says your application hasn’t been considered yet. d) 1)They say they received the letter yesterday. 2) She writes they moved into the new flat a month ago. 3) Mother says Jack returned an hour ago. 4) He tells us her husband met her a few days ago. 5) I know you didn’t visit Bath when you were in England. 6) I suppose they met at the Browns’ party. 7) I’m afraid he didn’t follow my advice. 8) She says these papers were delivered yesterday. e) 1) I suppose my friend will come to the party. 2) The weather forecast says the weather will change for the better next week. 3) I’m sure our teem will win the game. 4) We hope the film will be interesting. 5) She says she will cook the dinner herself. 6) They don’t know when the meeting will be over. 7) They tell us they will be on time. 8) We hope the results will be announced tomorrow. f) 1) George says he’ll be watching TV. 2) We know they’ll be waiting for us at the entrance to the theatre. 3) I suppose Ann will be wearing her new dress tomorrow. 4) He doesn’t know what he’ll be doing tonight. 5) I think they’ll be quarrelling again. 6) The children hope they’ll be having a good time with their granny. h) 1) The teacher says her students will have finished the test by 11 o’clock. 2) I promise I will have returned the book by Saturday. 3) They are sure they will have improved their English by the end of the term. 4) She says she will have learnt to drive her car by summer. 5) We suppose they will have repaired the house by that time. 6) He tells her he will have given up smoking by her return. Exercise 2. Переведите на английский язык. a) Он сказал, что
b) Он сказал, что
c) Он сказал, что
Exercise 3. Преобразуйте предложения в косвенную речь, соблюдая правило согласования времён.
Модальные глаголы обозначают не действия, а отношение к ним. С помощью модальных глаголов говорящий показывает, что он считает то или иное действие возможным или невозможным, обязательным или необязательным, вероятным или маловероятным. Например:You can swim. – Вы умеете плавать. You must swim. – Вы должны плавать. You may swim. – Вы можете плавать. Модальные глаголы считаются дефектными, неполноценными по форме. У них отсутствует ряд грамматических форм. Многие из них употребляются только в настоящем времени, не имеют формы 3-го лица ед. числа и не образуют неличных форм (причастия, инфинитива, герундия). После модальных глаголов, как правило, стоит смысловой глагол без частицы to (за исключением to be, to have и ought). Модальные глаголы могут употребляться со всеми формами инфинитива в зависимости от времени совершения действия. Если действие относится к настоящему времени, то употребляется простой инфинитив или инфинитив продолженной формы. Например: He can play tennis. – Он умеет играть в теннис. He may be playing tennis now. – Он, возможно, играет в теннис сейчас. Если действие относится к прошлому, то употребляется перфектный инфинитив. Например: You could have taken care of her. – Вы могли бы позаботиться о ней. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы предложений с модальным глаголом образуются без вспомогательных глаголов (за исключением глагола to have). Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not , которая ставится после модального глагола. Например: You must not smoke here. – Вы не должны здесь курить. В вопросах обычно модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. Например: May I come in? – Можно войти? К числу модальных глаголов относятся: can, may, must, should, ought, need. Кроме того, модальные значения могут быть выражены глаголами to be и to have.
Упражнения для закрепления грамматики: Exercise 1. Переведите предложения. Проанализируйте употребление модальных глаголов в следующих предложениях.
Exercise 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Exercise 3. Замените модальные глаголы соответствующими эквивалентами.
Exercise 4. Вставьте необходимые модальные глаголы.
Exercise 5. Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами.
Exercise 6. Переведите предложения.
Раздел 11. My Native Town (Мой родной город) Лексика: 1. Текст Kirov The city of Kirov is the centre of the Kirov region. The Kirov region is in the North-East of Moscow. The climate is continental with long and snowy winters and warm summers. The region is rich in forests, which cover more than half of its territory. The most advanced industries are house-building, machine-building, production of furniture, plywood and matches. The region is rather large and consists of 39 districts. There are 18 small towns in Kirov region. Slobodskoy, for example, is one of the most ancient towns. It was founded many centures ago and it is of special interest to tourists. There you can see ancient wooden buildings, stone cathedrals and churches. Kirov is old and modern at the same time. On the one hand it is one of the old Russian cities. It was founded in 1374 on the bancs of the Vyatka river. Its ancient name was Kchlynov. In 1780 the town was called Vyatka. It was a small provincial town with dirty narrow streets and small wooden houses. It was a place of exile for many outstanding people. Among them were famous democratic writers: Hertsen, Saltycov-Shchedrin, Korolenco, architect Vitberg. The Vyatka land gave birth to many great sons of Russia. Among them are: artists Vasnetsovs, singer Shalyapin, writer Alexander Grin, marshal Konev and other outstanding public figures. But in 1934 the town was given a new name. It was named after the revolutionarist S.M. Kirov (Kostricov) who was born in the small town Urzhum, Kirov region. But, on the other hand, today Kirov is quite a big modern town. It is situated on the Vyatka river. They say, the town stands on 7 hills. Now its population is rather large. Over 600 thousand inhabitants live in Kirov. The longest street in our town is the October prospect. The oldest center of Kirov is the Lenin Street. The town is divided into 4 residential areas. Every district has schools, kindergartens, hospitals, shops and department-stores. There are many wide and narrow streets and quite a lot of squares in Kirov. The most beautiful streets are Moskovskaya Street, Karl Marx Street, Karl Liebknekht Street, Alexander Grin Embankment and others. The heart of the city is the Theatre Square. It is difficult to say, that the architecture of our town is modern. Certainly, there is a lot of fashionable buildings, shops, restaurants and offices in the town. But in the streets you can see many old buildings as well. The town is especially beautiful in the evening when there is a lot of traffic lights everywhere. But the traffic in the evening is not so heavy as it is in the afternoon. In the afternoon the town is very vivid, with a lot of cars, lories, buses and trolley-buses running along the roads and with a lot of people walking along the pavements. There are no trams and underground in Kirov. Kirov is an important industrial and economic center. Such brunches of industry as machine-building, furniture production, light industry and food industry are highly-developed in Kirov. There is a great number of modern industrial enterprises in it. Such machine-building enterprises as the plant «Avitek»and the plant «Lepse», the furniture factory «Styling», the Artificial Leather plant, the Biochemical plant, some shoe and clothes making factories and others. There are many different firms and companies, banks and offices in Kirov. Kirov is also a scientific and educational center. There are many schools, colleges, technical and vocational schools, institutes and universities. Kirov is a town of students, because the number of educational establishments grows with every year. The most famous are the Medical Academy, the Pedagogical University, the Technical University and the Agricultural Academy. Kirov may be called a great cultural centre. There are many cinemas and theatres, museums and libraries, Palaces of Culture and exhibition halls in Kirov. The Drama Theatre and the Theatre in Spasskaya Street, for example, are very popular with the Kirovites. Those, who are fond of films, may go to such cinemas as «Druzhba», «Kolizey», «Smena» and some others. Children of the town always have an opportunity to see an interesting performance at the Puppet theatre or a funny show-programme at the Circus. People, who are fond of music, can enjoy concerts of their favourite singers in the Palaces of Culture or in the Philarmonic Concert Hall. The art-lovers may go to the Museum of Regional Studies which is situated in Lenin Street. It shows the development of the region. The Vyatka land is rich not only in history but also in traditions. In the halls of the Art Museum and in its Exhibition Hall one can see pictures of many famous Russian artists and a fine collection of Dymkovo toys. Kirov has a lot of places of interests. Sorry to say, there are no ancient castles and beautiful palaces in Kirov. But all the Kirovites are proud of the Trifonov Monastery. There are also some churches in Kirov. Today many of them are getting restored. Certainly, they make Kirov more beautiful and add much to the beauty of town. Besides, every guest of the city usually tries to visit the Theatre Square, which is situated near the Drama Theatre. The square is famous with its fountain. Many people like to walk along the square and to spend time there. And, of course, as any other city or town Kirov has quite a number of monuments, which are of special interest to tourists. So, if one goes sightseeing around the town, he will learn a lot of interesting facts about the town, about its history and its people. One can also buy Vyatka souveniers: caskets and boxes made of wood, hand-made laces, clay toys from Dymkovo, wooden dolls-matryoshkas and other things. Раздел 12. Business English (Основы делового английского) Лексика: 1. Making a phone call – Как позвонить. Как принять звонок: Hello. – Алло. Yes. – Да. Hello, Jane Spencer speaking. – Здравствуйте, говорит Джейн Спенсер. Good morning, John Smith here. – Доброе утро, Джон Смит у телефона. Hello, 856 45 52. – Алло, это номер 856 45 52. Как начать разговор: Hello, is that John? – Алло, это Джон? Hello, is Mary there? – Алло, есть ли Мэри? Is that 856 45 52? – Это номер 856 45 52? Could I speak to Caroline, please? – Я могу говорить с Каролиной? I’d like to speak to Kate Marlow, please. – Я бы хотел говорить с Кейт Мерлоу, пожалуйста. May I speak to the director? – Могу я поговорить с директором. Просьба представиться: Who’s calling, please? – Кто звонит? Can I have your name, please? – Скажите пожалуйста, как вас зовут? Как представиться: This is Mr. Brown (from…). – Это мистер Браун (из…). Peter Hammond speaking. – Говорит Питер Гаммонд. Соединение: Just a moment, please. – Минутку, пожалуйста. Wait a minute, please. – Подождите минуту, пожалуйста. Hold on, please. – Подождите пожалуйста (оставайтесь на связи). Hold the line, please. - Подождите пожалуйста (оставайтесь на связи). I’ll put you through. – Я Вас соединяю. Отсутствие человека, которому звоним: I’m sorry, John is not at home at the moment. – К сожалению, сейчас Джона нет дома. I’m afraid he is not in. – Боюсь, что его нет. I’m sorry, he has just gone out. – К сожалению, он только что вышел. Как оставить и передать сообщение: Would you like to leave a message? – Вы бы хотели оставить сообщение? Can I take a message? – Что-нибудь передать? Could I leave a message? – Я могу оставить сообщение? Yes, could he call me back? – Да, он мог бы мне перезвонить? No, thank you. I’ll call back later. – Нет, спасибо. Я перезвоню позже. Трудности в связи: The number is busy. – Номер занят. The line is engaged. – Линия занята. There is no answer. – Никто не отвечает. The line is out of order. – Линия не работает. I’m sorry, I’ve dialed the wrong number. – Извините, я набрал неправильный номер. I’m afraid you’ve got the wrong number. – Боюсь, вы неправильно набрали номер. I can hardly hear you. – Я едва вас слышу. I can’t hear a word. – Я не слышу ни слова. There is some noise. – Какой-то шум. Your voice is fading from time to time. – Твой голос пропадает время от времени. Could you speak a bit louder (slower), please. – Не могли бы вы говорить немного громче (медленнее). Oh, it’s better. – Так лучше. Put down a receiver. – Положите трубку. I’ll ring you once again. – Я перезвоню вам. Are you there? – Вы меня слышите? Слова: A dial – диск телефонного аппарата; A directory – справочник, телефонная книга; A phone box – телефонная будка; A phone card – телефонная карта; A phone number – телефонный номер; A receiver – телефонная трубка; A mobile phone – мобильный телефон; A cellular phone – сотовый телефон; An answering machine – автоответчик; A standard payphone – таксофон на монеты; A card phone – автомат на телефонные карточки. 2. Reserving a room at the hotel –Заказ номера в отеле
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